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AIM: To evaluate the parathyroid ultrasonography and define parameters that can predict poor response to treatment in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure. METHODS: This cohort study evaluated 85 patients with chronic kidney disease stage V with parathyroid hormone levels above 800 pg/mL. All patients underwent ultrasonography of the parathyroids and the following parameters were analyzed: Demographic characteristics (etiology of chronic kidney disease, gender, age, dialysis vintage, vascular access, use of vitamin D), laboratory (calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase), and the occurrence of bone changes, cardiovascular events and death. The χ(2) test were used to compare proportions or the Fisher exact test for small sample frequencies. Student t-test was used to detect differences between the two groups regarding continuous variables. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (66.4%) had parathyroid nodules with higher levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus. Sixteen patients underwent parathyroidectomy and had higher levels of phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product (P = 0.03 and P = 0.006, respectively). They also had lower mortality (32% vs 68%, P = 0.01) and lower incidence of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (27% vs 73%, P = 0.02). Calcium × phosphorus product above 55 mg(2)/dL(2) [RR 1.48 (1.06, 2.08), P = 0.03], presence of vascular calcification [1.33 (1.01, 1.76), P = 0.015] and previous occurrence of vascular events [RR 2.25 (1.27, 3.98), P < 0.001] were risk factors for mortality in this population. There was no association between the occurrence of nodules and mortality. CONCLUSION: The identification of nodules at ultrasonography strengthens the indication for parathyroidectomy in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure.
RESUMEN
Introdução: o sistema de referência e contrarreferência (RCR) define um fluxo hierarquizado de atenção aos pacientes e/ou de comunicação entre profissionais. A referência é um documento que demanda uma consultoria e/ou encaminha pacientes a outros médicos (consultores), que elaboram um documento-resposta, a contrarreferência. No Brasil, o RCR não funciona bem e não há estudos que o avaliem sistematicamente. Objetivos: avaliar relatórios de referência provenientes de serviços de saúde da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte (PBH), de municípios da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH) e do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG (HC), elaborados por clínicos gerais (CLN) ou especialistas (ESP), recebidos no Serviço de Endocrinologia do HC, e definir informações necessárias em referência que permitam ao consultor decidir por interconsulta presencial. Foram considerados CLNs os médicos que atuam no Programa Saúdeda Família (PSF) ou clínicos da atenção secundária e terciária. Métodos: trata-se de estudo seccional e observacional. Resultados: dois pesquisadores (k=0,652) avaliaram 282 relatórios, sendo constatado que 62% poderiam ser abordados na atenção primária. A frequência de relatórios com informações suficientes para a tomada de decisãofoi maior naqueles oriundos do HC e elaborados por especialistas. Maior número de relatórios foi aceito quando apresentaram doenças próprias da Endocrinologia, dados do exame físico e dos exames complementares. Conclusões: a maioria dos pacientes referidos apresentava transtornos abordáveis na AP e um relatório de referência deve conter diagnóstico, dados dos exames complementares e do exame físico.
Introduction: the reference and counter-reference system (RCR) defines a hierarchical flow of assistance to patients and/or communication among professionals. The reference is a document that requires consulting and/or forwards patients to other doctors (consultants) who draw up a reply document, the counter-reference. In Brazil, the RCR system does not work well, and no study has systematically evaluated it. Objectives: to evaluate reference reports from health services from Belo Horizonte (PBH), municipalities in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH), and the General Hospital from UFMG (HC) elaborated by general practitioners (GP) or specialists (ESP) and received in the Endocrinology Service from the GH, and define the necessary information in reference to enable the consultant to decide for a face-to-face consultation. The doctors who work in the Family Health Program (FHP) or secondary and tertiary care doctors were considered GPs. Methods: this was an observational and sectional study. Results: two researchers (k = 0.652) evaluated 282 reports and identified that 62% could have been assisted in the primary care. The frequency of reports with enough information for decision-making was greater in those from the GH and elaborated by specialists. A greater number of reports were accepted when presenting endocrinology diseases and physical and complementary examination data. Conclusions: most of the referred patients presented disorders that could have received care in the primary.care; a reference report must contain a diagnosis and datafrom additional tests and physical examination
RESUMEN
Antes da introdução da terapia antirretroviral de alta potência, as complicações cardiovasculares na população infectada pelo HIV eram relacionadas à imunossupressão. Entretanto, após o advento do uso combinado das drogas antirretrovirais, houve considerável diminuição na morbidade e na mortalidade desses pacientes. Porém, aparentemente,complicações metabólicas como resistência insulínica e dislipidemia passaram a ser mais frequentes nesses indivíduos, sugerindo aumento do risco de doença aterosclerótica. O objetivo deste artigo é rever a literatura e descrever as complicações cardiovasculares da infecção pelo HIV, com ênfase no período pós-terapia antirretroviral combinada. A revisão foi realizada dando destaque aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares e, principalmente, à doença cardíaca aterosclerótica e suas particularidades na população infectada pelo HIV...
Before high-power antiretroviral therapy was introduced, cardiovascular complications in the HIV-infected population were mainly related to immunosuppression. However, after the advent of combined use antiretroviral drugs the morbimortality of these patients decreased considerably. It seems, however, that metabolic complications such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia have become more frequent, suggesting an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and describe the cardiovascular complications related to HIV infection, with an emphasis on the period after combined antiretroviral therapy was introduced. The review was conducted to highlight the cardiovascular risk factors, mainly of atherosclerotic heart disease and its peculiarities among the HIV-infected population...
